Suchergebnisse

Now that some of the historic barriers to economic success for U.S. women and minorities have begun to fall, women and blacks, in particular, are moving upward on the nation's socioeconomic ladder. Melissa Kearney reviews evidence that improved economic opportunities for these two groups make sex and race less important than they once were in determining economic status. But sex- and race-based differences in wages and income persist, and interactions between sex and class and between race and class continue to play a role in the intergenerational transmission of income status.


Kearney surveys studies and data showing that marriage remains important in determining women's economic status, even though marriage rates among women aged eighteen to thirty-four have been falling—from 73 percent in 1960 to 44 percent in 2000. Not only do spousal earnings continue to dominate family income for married women, but also women tend to marry men whose position in the income distribution resembles their fathers' position. Marriage thus facilitates the transmission of economic status from parents to daughters.


Racial wage gaps persist, says Kearney, largely because of differences in education, occupation, and skill. It also appears likely that the effects of discrimination, both current and past, continue to impede racial economic convergence. Kearney notes that the transmission of income class from parents to children among blacks differs noticeably from that among whites. Black parents and white parents pass their economic standing along to children at similar rates. But because mean income is lower among blacks than among whites, the likelihood of upward mobility in the overall income distribution is substantially lower among blacks. Black children are much more likely than white children to remain in the lower percentiles of the income distribution, and white children are more likely to remain in the upper reaches of the income distribution. Downward mobility from the top quartile to the bottom quartile is nearly four times as great for blacks as for whites.

The education and housing of ethnic minorities in the United States.
Nathan GLAZER
Busing was proposed as a solution to the existence of segregated schools in the United States. The goal was to eliminate the difference between black and white schools by having children attend public-schools nearest to where they lived in order to overcorne the demeaning distinction of race in law and assist the segregating schools to improve their program.
The solution was apparently simple, but it did not happen because of political resistance.
The problem of school integration by way of residential integration seems as difficult to realize as busing.

Cover -- Half Title -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures, Tables, and Chart -- Preface -- Introduction: A Comparative Approach to Social Cohesion and Minority Alienation -- Chapter Themes and Their Research Base -- Contemporary Japan -- Ethnic America -- 1 Confucian Hierarchy Versus Class Consciousness in Japan -- Historical Patterns in Vertical Relationships -- The Relative Absence of Disruptive Industrial Strife or Personal Alienation: Psychocultural Reasons -- The Expressive Functions of Japanese Paternalism -- Nurture and Succor, Expressive Needs: Actuality and Illusion in Japan -- The Religion of the Family: The Confucian Ethos -- Social Hierarchy in Traditional Confucian Thought -- Confucian Influences on Formal Education During the Meiji Period -- Locus of Power Related to Self-Development in Confucian Thought -- Harmony and Propriety: Goals in Confucian Childhood Socialization -- Role Behavior and Religious Experience -- Regularity and Order in the Aesthetic and the Moral -- The Pleasures of Self-Constraint -- Conclusion: Confucianism as a Religion of Family Continuity, Reverence and Gratitude -- 2 Forms of Alienation: Suicide in Japan -- Crises in Belonging: Experiencing Loss of Social Cohesion -- Frustrations of a Dependent Attachment or a Rupture of Status -- Forms of Japanese Suicide, Past and Present -- Japanese Vulnerability to Suicide: Basic Socialization Experiences -- Crises in Social Cohesion Within Japanese Society -- Suicide: A Failure of Love as Well as an Act of Aggression -- 3 Delinquency, Family Cohesion, and Minority Alienation -- Deviant Behavior: An Index of Relative Social Cohesion -- Urban Migration in Cross-Cultural Perspective -- Social Cohesion and Community Organization in Japan -- Family Life and Delinquency in Japan -- Delinquency in Minorities.